Same but different? Similarities and fundamental differences of informal social networks in China (guanxi) and Korea (yongo)
Horak, S., & Taube, M. (2016). Same but different? Similarities and fundamental
differences of informal social networks in China (guanxi) and Korea (yongo).
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 33(3), 595-616.
DOI: 10.1007/s10490-015-9452-x
Link:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-015-9452-x
Abstract
This research reports on the similarities and distinctive differences between
informal social networks in China (Guanxi) and Korea (Yongo). Within an
analytical framework derived from social capital and institutional theory, the
structural forms and characteristics of both network forms are compared.
Although we observe some similarities, surprisingly, the two networks show
several fundamental differences. Both are society-spanning constructs, developed
and maintained by reciprocal action that creates trust and trustworthiness, and
serves as a major factor in network cohesion. Both networks are relatively
closed or inaccessible to outsiders, with insiders able to connect other
insiders to each other (i.e., internal bridging of structural holes). However,
Guanxi can be characterized as being utilitarian (purpose-based), whereas Yongo
in principle describes cause-based ties. Furthermore, Guanxi networks are
somewhat accessible to outsiders and draw on a diverse base of ties; Yongo
networks are predefined, partly by birth, and are hence homogeneous and highly
exclusive. Guanxi networks can benefit from spillover effects through bridging
different networks; Yongo networks often cannot, as there is antipathy,
competition, and potentially hostility between certain types of networks. The
results add knowledge to social network theory in general and in particular on
informal social networks in East Asia.
Keywords
Informal institutions, Informal networks, indigenous research, Guanxi, Yongo